1 00:00:00,125 --> 00:00:01,041 Look, protection 2 00:00:01,041 --> 00:00:02,041 works when 3 00:00:02,041 --> 00:00:02,541 it's real. 4 00:00:03,416 --> 00:00:04,083 We do not have an 5 00:00:04,083 --> 00:00:04,708 ocean knowledge 6 00:00:04,708 --> 00:00:05,000 problem. 7 00:00:05,250 --> 00:00:05,541 We have an 8 00:00:05,541 --> 00:00:06,041 implementation 9 00:00:06,041 --> 00:00:06,541 problem. 10 00:00:07,250 --> 00:00:08,041 The science is clear. 11 00:00:08,583 --> 00:00:09,125 The solutions, 12 00:00:09,416 --> 00:00:09,916 they're known. 13 00:00:10,041 --> 00:00:11,375 Outcomes are 14 00:00:11,375 --> 00:00:11,708 actually 15 00:00:11,708 --> 00:00:12,125 predictable. 16 00:00:12,750 --> 00:00:13,375 The real question 17 00:00:13,375 --> 00:00:14,208 is whether we are 18 00:00:14,208 --> 00:00:15,166 willing to follow 19 00:00:15,166 --> 00:00:15,708 through. 20 00:00:16,375 --> 00:00:17,000 This is the How 21 00:00:17,000 --> 00:00:17,458 to Protect the 22 00:00:17,458 --> 00:00:18,125 Ocean podcast, 23 00:00:18,333 --> 00:00:19,125 your weekly ocean 24 00:00:19,125 --> 00:00:19,708 news update. 25 00:00:20,041 --> 00:00:21,000 If you care about 26 00:00:21,000 --> 00:00:22,250 being informed on 27 00:00:22,250 --> 00:00:23,125 the ocean every 28 00:00:23,125 --> 00:00:24,208 weekday, hit that 29 00:00:24,208 --> 00:00:24,416 follow 30 00:00:24,416 --> 00:00:24,875 button so you 31 00:00:24,875 --> 00:00:25,125 don't miss 32 00:00:25,125 --> 00:00:25,625 tomorrow's 33 00:00:25,625 --> 00:00:25,916 episode. 34 00:00:27,208 --> 00:00:27,791 Across fisheries, 35 00:00:28,250 --> 00:00:28,416 climate 36 00:00:28,416 --> 00:00:29,125 adaptation, 37 00:00:29,500 --> 00:00:29,791 pollution 38 00:00:29,791 --> 00:00:30,916 control, and the 39 00:00:30,916 --> 00:00:31,416 high seas 40 00:00:31,416 --> 00:00:32,291 governance, one 41 00:00:32,291 --> 00:00:32,916 pattern keeps 42 00:00:32,916 --> 00:00:33,416 repeating. 43 00:00:34,375 --> 00:00:34,791 Policies work 44 00:00:34,791 --> 00:00:35,625 when they are 45 00:00:35,625 --> 00:00:36,166 implemented 46 00:00:36,166 --> 00:00:36,666 fully. 47 00:00:37,291 --> 00:00:38,583 They fail when 48 00:00:38,583 --> 00:00:38,750 they are 49 00:00:38,750 --> 00:00:39,291 symbolic. 50 00:00:40,166 --> 00:00:40,625 But the key 51 00:00:40,625 --> 00:00:41,291 question is here 52 00:00:41,291 --> 00:00:42,166 is why do strong 53 00:00:42,166 --> 00:00:43,166 ocean policies 54 00:00:43,166 --> 00:00:44,458 succeed in some 55 00:00:44,458 --> 00:00:45,500 places and 56 00:00:45,500 --> 00:00:45,833 collapse 57 00:00:45,833 --> 00:00:46,500 in others? 58 00:00:47,125 --> 00:00:47,791 Let's be honest, 59 00:00:47,791 --> 00:00:48,291 the science is 60 00:00:48,291 --> 00:00:48,583 not the 61 00:00:48,583 --> 00:00:49,041 weak link. 62 00:00:49,666 --> 00:00:50,041 Across ocean 63 00:00:50,041 --> 00:00:50,541 issues, the 64 00:00:50,541 --> 00:00:50,875 evidence 65 00:00:50,875 --> 00:00:51,666 is strong. 66 00:00:52,666 --> 00:00:52,958 Overfishing 67 00:00:52,958 --> 00:00:53,916 reduces biomass 68 00:00:53,916 --> 00:00:54,875 and destabilizes 69 00:00:54,875 --> 00:00:55,375 food webs. 70 00:00:55,666 --> 00:00:56,166 We know this. 71 00:00:57,166 --> 00:00:57,500 Reducing fishing 72 00:00:57,500 --> 00:00:58,666 pressure allows 73 00:00:58,666 --> 00:00:59,500 stock recovery. 74 00:00:59,833 --> 00:01:00,500 We know this too. 75 00:01:01,375 --> 00:01:01,625 Reducing 76 00:01:01,625 --> 00:01:02,166 pollution 77 00:01:02,166 --> 00:01:03,333 improves coastal 78 00:01:03,333 --> 00:01:04,083 water quality. 79 00:01:04,541 --> 00:01:04,958 That's known. 80 00:01:05,875 --> 00:01:06,083 Cutting 81 00:01:06,083 --> 00:01:06,833 greenhouse gas 82 00:01:06,833 --> 00:01:07,750 emissions slows 83 00:01:07,750 --> 00:01:08,708 ocean warming. 84 00:01:09,791 --> 00:01:10,250 Is this all 85 00:01:10,250 --> 00:01:11,250 familiar to you? 86 00:01:12,000 --> 00:01:12,541 Habitat restoration 87 00:01:12,541 --> 00:01:13,333 increases 88 00:01:13,333 --> 00:01:14,583 biodiversity and 89 00:01:14,583 --> 00:01:15,083 resilience. 90 00:01:16,416 --> 00:01:17,000 These are not 91 00:01:17,000 --> 00:01:17,541 controversial 92 00:01:17,541 --> 00:01:18,166 conclusions. 93 00:01:18,750 --> 00:01:18,916 They are 94 00:01:18,916 --> 00:01:19,500 repeatedly 95 00:01:19,500 --> 00:01:20,458 confirmed in 96 00:01:20,458 --> 00:01:21,000 peer-reviewed 97 00:01:21,000 --> 00:01:21,500 literature. 98 00:01:22,208 --> 00:01:23,208 The bottleneck is 99 00:01:23,208 --> 00:01:24,000 not knowledge. 100 00:01:24,583 --> 00:01:25,166 It's execution. 101 00:01:26,208 --> 00:01:26,708 Here's a clear 102 00:01:26,708 --> 00:01:27,458 example of 103 00:01:27,458 --> 00:01:27,750 fisheries 104 00:01:27,750 --> 00:01:28,291 recovery. 105 00:01:29,833 --> 00:01:30,416 Where cash limits 106 00:01:30,416 --> 00:01:31,208 are science-based 107 00:01:31,208 --> 00:01:32,125 and enforced, 108 00:01:32,875 --> 00:01:33,166 fish stocks 109 00:01:33,166 --> 00:01:34,416 rebuild, biomass 110 00:01:34,416 --> 00:01:35,083 increases, 111 00:01:35,541 --> 00:01:35,958 long-term 112 00:01:35,958 --> 00:01:36,875 yields stabilize. 113 00:01:37,958 --> 00:01:39,000 An example is the 114 00:01:39,000 --> 00:01:39,500 U.S. Fisheries 115 00:01:39,500 --> 00:01:39,875 under the 116 00:01:39,875 --> 00:01:40,625 Magnuson-Stevenson 117 00:01:40,625 --> 00:01:40,958 Act. 118 00:01:41,750 --> 00:01:42,291 Since that act 119 00:01:42,291 --> 00:01:43,000 has been enacted, 120 00:01:43,291 --> 00:01:43,625 a lot of 121 00:01:43,625 --> 00:01:43,958 fisheries have 122 00:01:43,958 --> 00:01:44,500 been recovered 123 00:01:44,500 --> 00:01:45,291 and sustainably 124 00:01:45,291 --> 00:01:45,708 managed. 125 00:01:46,333 --> 00:01:47,875 We have sardines 126 00:01:47,875 --> 00:01:49,750 and anchovies on 127 00:01:49,750 --> 00:01:50,291 the west coast 128 00:01:50,291 --> 00:01:51,416 that have 129 00:01:51,416 --> 00:01:52,000 actually helped 130 00:01:52,000 --> 00:01:52,916 these populations 131 00:01:53,166 --> 00:01:53,458 stabilize. 132 00:01:54,625 --> 00:01:57,083 We've been able 133 00:01:57,083 --> 00:01:59,166 to see a recovery 134 00:01:59,166 --> 00:01:59,833 in these types of 135 00:01:59,833 --> 00:02:00,166 species 136 00:02:00,166 --> 00:02:01,208 over time. 137 00:02:01,208 --> 00:02:02,208 A lot of other 138 00:02:02,208 --> 00:02:02,833 fisheries in the 139 00:02:02,833 --> 00:02:03,583 U.S. are well 140 00:02:03,583 --> 00:02:04,583 managed using the 141 00:02:04,583 --> 00:02:05,375 Magnuson-Stevenson 142 00:02:05,375 --> 00:02:05,666 Act. 143 00:02:06,000 --> 00:02:06,416 But if those 144 00:02:06,416 --> 00:02:07,000 policies are 145 00:02:07,000 --> 00:02:08,208 rolled back, we 146 00:02:08,208 --> 00:02:09,416 start to see the 147 00:02:09,416 --> 00:02:09,791 fisheries 148 00:02:09,791 --> 00:02:10,625 stocks slip. 149 00:02:12,250 --> 00:02:12,833 And where quotas 150 00:02:12,833 --> 00:02:13,875 are ignored or 151 00:02:13,875 --> 00:02:14,250 politically 152 00:02:14,250 --> 00:02:15,708 inflated, stocks 153 00:02:15,708 --> 00:02:17,083 decline, recruitment 154 00:02:17,083 --> 00:02:17,708 collapses, 155 00:02:18,416 --> 00:02:18,875 and economic 156 00:02:18,875 --> 00:02:19,291 instability 157 00:02:19,291 --> 00:02:19,833 follows. 158 00:02:20,833 --> 00:02:21,416 A clear example 159 00:02:21,416 --> 00:02:21,875 is the tuna 160 00:02:21,875 --> 00:02:22,500 fishing industry 161 00:02:22,500 --> 00:02:22,916 in Europe, 162 00:02:23,291 --> 00:02:23,750 especially in the 163 00:02:23,750 --> 00:02:24,166 Mediterranean. 164 00:02:25,875 --> 00:02:26,625 In the movie End 165 00:02:26,625 --> 00:02:27,166 of the Line, 166 00:02:27,500 --> 00:02:28,125 there was a clear 167 00:02:28,125 --> 00:02:29,500 example of how 168 00:02:29,500 --> 00:02:30,875 quotas are not 169 00:02:30,875 --> 00:02:31,083 followed. 170 00:02:31,916 --> 00:02:32,291 The scientists 171 00:02:32,291 --> 00:02:32,875 and researchers 172 00:02:32,875 --> 00:02:33,875 came up with a 173 00:02:33,875 --> 00:02:34,583 minimum 174 00:02:34,583 --> 00:02:36,916 viable yield. 175 00:02:37,458 --> 00:02:37,833 So essentially, 176 00:02:38,208 --> 00:02:39,583 if you only 177 00:02:39,583 --> 00:02:40,583 caught this many, 178 00:02:40,583 --> 00:02:41,416 it was 30,000 179 00:02:41,416 --> 00:02:42,125 tons or whatever 180 00:02:42,125 --> 00:02:42,958 it might be. 181 00:02:43,250 --> 00:02:43,625 I don't remember 182 00:02:43,625 --> 00:02:44,041 the exact 183 00:02:44,041 --> 00:02:44,416 numbers. 184 00:02:45,041 --> 00:02:45,541 If you caught 185 00:02:45,541 --> 00:02:47,500 30,000 tons, then 186 00:02:47,500 --> 00:02:48,333 that population 187 00:02:48,333 --> 00:02:49,250 would be able to 188 00:02:49,250 --> 00:02:49,625 stabilize. 189 00:02:49,916 --> 00:02:50,291 It would be able 190 00:02:50,291 --> 00:02:50,916 to be sustainable 191 00:02:50,916 --> 00:02:51,708 and you'd be able 192 00:02:51,708 --> 00:02:52,333 to catch another 193 00:02:52,333 --> 00:02:53,083 30,000 tons 194 00:02:53,083 --> 00:02:54,000 next year. 195 00:02:54,000 --> 00:02:54,208 And that 196 00:02:54,208 --> 00:02:54,583 population 197 00:02:54,583 --> 00:02:55,291 wouldn't decline. 198 00:02:55,291 --> 00:02:55,666 It would be able 199 00:02:55,666 --> 00:02:56,166 to recover. 200 00:02:57,000 --> 00:02:58,166 Right away, the 201 00:02:58,166 --> 00:02:58,500 government 202 00:02:58,500 --> 00:02:59,166 officials that 203 00:02:59,166 --> 00:02:59,625 went to the 204 00:02:59,625 --> 00:03:00,416 negotiation table 205 00:03:00,416 --> 00:03:01,375 doubled that 206 00:03:01,375 --> 00:03:02,250 to 60,000 because 207 00:03:02,250 --> 00:03:02,708 they knew that 208 00:03:02,708 --> 00:03:03,333 the people they 209 00:03:03,333 --> 00:03:04,291 were going to 210 00:03:04,291 --> 00:03:05,083 negotiate with, 211 00:03:05,083 --> 00:03:05,500 the fisheries 212 00:03:05,875 --> 00:03:06,791 societies or the 213 00:03:06,791 --> 00:03:07,500 fishery unions, 214 00:03:07,791 --> 00:03:08,458 weren't going to 215 00:03:08,458 --> 00:03:09,333 take 30,000. 216 00:03:09,625 --> 00:03:10,333 They wanted more. 217 00:03:10,708 --> 00:03:11,041 So they started 218 00:03:11,041 --> 00:03:11,958 with 60,000. 219 00:03:11,958 --> 00:03:12,416 They ended up 220 00:03:12,416 --> 00:03:13,833 with 90,000. 221 00:03:14,625 --> 00:03:15,125 Every time's the 222 00:03:15,125 --> 00:03:17,166 amount of tons of 223 00:03:17,166 --> 00:03:17,750 fish that they 224 00:03:17,750 --> 00:03:18,000 were going to 225 00:03:18,000 --> 00:03:19,583 catch from 226 00:03:19,583 --> 00:03:20,083 the minimal 227 00:03:20,125 --> 00:03:21,750 yield, right? 228 00:03:21,750 --> 00:03:22,166 The minimal 229 00:03:22,166 --> 00:03:22,666 viable 230 00:03:22,666 --> 00:03:23,583 population. 231 00:03:25,083 --> 00:03:25,916 It doesn't make 232 00:03:25,916 --> 00:03:28,291 sense to draw 233 00:03:28,291 --> 00:03:29,208 back quotas. 234 00:03:30,291 --> 00:03:30,833 So where quotas 235 00:03:30,833 --> 00:03:31,750 are ignored or 236 00:03:31,750 --> 00:03:32,083 politically 237 00:03:32,083 --> 00:03:33,333 inflated, stocks 238 00:03:33,333 --> 00:03:33,833 decline, 239 00:03:34,250 --> 00:03:34,458 recruitment 240 00:03:34,458 --> 00:03:35,083 collapses, 241 00:03:35,500 --> 00:03:35,750 economic 242 00:03:35,750 --> 00:03:36,208 instability 243 00:03:36,208 --> 00:03:36,833 follows. 244 00:03:38,000 --> 00:03:38,750 The lesson is 245 00:03:38,750 --> 00:03:39,416 pretty simple. 246 00:03:40,708 --> 00:03:41,000 Pollution works 247 00:03:41,000 --> 00:03:42,000 when compliance 248 00:03:42,000 --> 00:03:43,333 is mandatory and 249 00:03:43,333 --> 00:03:43,958 monitored. 250 00:03:45,416 --> 00:03:45,916 Let's look at 251 00:03:45,916 --> 00:03:46,208 pollution 252 00:03:46,208 --> 00:03:46,750 control. 253 00:03:47,458 --> 00:03:48,291 The evidence is 254 00:03:48,291 --> 00:03:49,125 pretty clear in 255 00:03:49,125 --> 00:03:49,750 regions where 256 00:03:49,750 --> 00:03:50,208 wastewater 257 00:03:50,208 --> 00:03:50,833 treatment and 258 00:03:50,833 --> 00:03:51,375 nutrient runoff 259 00:03:51,375 --> 00:03:51,833 controls 260 00:03:51,833 --> 00:03:52,750 were implemented. 261 00:03:53,333 --> 00:03:53,708 Coastal dead 262 00:03:53,708 --> 00:03:54,625 zone, coastal 263 00:03:54,625 --> 00:03:55,875 dead zone shrank, 264 00:03:56,208 --> 00:03:56,875 harmful algal 265 00:03:56,875 --> 00:03:57,625 blooms decreased 266 00:03:57,625 --> 00:03:59,000 and water quality 267 00:03:59,083 --> 00:03:59,416 improve. 268 00:03:59,833 --> 00:04:00,625 The recovery of 269 00:04:00,625 --> 00:04:01,125 parts of the 270 00:04:01,125 --> 00:04:02,166 Baltic Sea and 271 00:04:02,166 --> 00:04:02,833 improvements in 272 00:04:02,833 --> 00:04:03,416 sections of the 273 00:04:03,416 --> 00:04:03,791 Chesapeake 274 00:04:03,791 --> 00:04:04,708 Bay show that 275 00:04:04,708 --> 00:04:05,125 nutrient 276 00:04:05,125 --> 00:04:05,750 management can 277 00:04:05,750 --> 00:04:06,208 reverse 278 00:04:06,208 --> 00:04:06,708 degradation 279 00:04:06,708 --> 00:04:07,291 trends. 280 00:04:08,500 --> 00:04:09,041 In places where 281 00:04:09,041 --> 00:04:09,458 agricultural 282 00:04:09,458 --> 00:04:10,333 runoff remains 283 00:04:10,333 --> 00:04:11,458 unregulated, you 284 00:04:11,458 --> 00:04:12,458 get hypoxic zones 285 00:04:12,458 --> 00:04:13,041 that expand. 286 00:04:13,583 --> 00:04:14,208 You get fisheries 287 00:04:14,208 --> 00:04:15,250 that suffer and 288 00:04:15,250 --> 00:04:16,041 coastal economies 289 00:04:16,041 --> 00:04:16,500 that 290 00:04:16,500 --> 00:04:17,416 absorb the cost. 291 00:04:18,208 --> 00:04:18,416 Again, 292 00:04:18,666 --> 00:04:18,916 implementation 293 00:04:18,916 --> 00:04:19,666 determines 294 00:04:19,666 --> 00:04:20,250 outcome. 295 00:04:20,666 --> 00:04:21,083 If you look 296 00:04:21,083 --> 00:04:21,958 clearly the 297 00:04:21,958 --> 00:04:22,500 Florida water 298 00:04:22,500 --> 00:04:23,416 quality system 299 00:04:23,416 --> 00:04:24,291 and the way they 300 00:04:24,291 --> 00:04:25,125 manage it is 301 00:04:25,125 --> 00:04:25,666 absolutely 302 00:04:25,750 --> 00:04:26,416 horrible and 303 00:04:26,416 --> 00:04:26,708 they've been 304 00:04:26,708 --> 00:04:27,583 paying for it 305 00:04:27,583 --> 00:04:28,541 year after year 306 00:04:28,541 --> 00:04:29,291 after year. 307 00:04:29,541 --> 00:04:29,833 We've seen 308 00:04:29,833 --> 00:04:30,666 red ties. 309 00:04:30,666 --> 00:04:31,083 We've seen 310 00:04:31,083 --> 00:04:32,166 cyanobacteria 311 00:04:32,166 --> 00:04:32,750 blooms. 312 00:04:33,000 --> 00:04:33,541 We've seen a lot 313 00:04:33,541 --> 00:04:33,916 of other things 314 00:04:33,916 --> 00:04:34,458 we've seen like 315 00:04:34,458 --> 00:04:35,666 this algae that 316 00:04:35,666 --> 00:04:36,708 is or these down 317 00:04:36,708 --> 00:04:37,291 to flagellates 318 00:04:37,333 --> 00:04:38,375 that are on the 319 00:04:38,375 --> 00:04:40,291 bottom of the 320 00:04:40,291 --> 00:04:41,083 ocean that just 321 00:04:41,083 --> 00:04:41,666 kind of come up 322 00:04:41,666 --> 00:04:42,333 that gets stirred 323 00:04:42,333 --> 00:04:43,208 up by fish 324 00:04:43,583 --> 00:04:44,500 and they give 325 00:04:44,500 --> 00:04:45,291 them like this 326 00:04:45,291 --> 00:04:45,916 crazy neurological 327 00:04:45,916 --> 00:04:47,875 disease all 328 00:04:47,875 --> 00:04:49,041 because there are 329 00:04:49,041 --> 00:04:49,750 there's runoff, 330 00:04:50,458 --> 00:04:50,625 right? 331 00:04:50,625 --> 00:04:51,458 There's nutrient 332 00:04:51,458 --> 00:04:52,416 runoff that's 333 00:04:52,416 --> 00:04:53,125 allowed because 334 00:04:53,125 --> 00:04:53,958 these industries 335 00:04:53,958 --> 00:04:54,666 are allowed to 336 00:04:54,666 --> 00:04:55,916 use their best 337 00:04:55,916 --> 00:04:57,000 practices in 338 00:04:57,000 --> 00:04:57,625 reducing the 339 00:04:57,625 --> 00:04:57,916 amount of 340 00:04:57,916 --> 00:04:58,458 nutrients that go 341 00:04:58,458 --> 00:04:59,375 into lakes and 342 00:04:59,375 --> 00:04:59,791 streams. 343 00:05:00,208 --> 00:05:00,666 But those lakes 344 00:05:00,666 --> 00:05:01,291 and streams get 345 00:05:01,291 --> 00:05:02,500 abundance of 346 00:05:02,500 --> 00:05:03,500 nutrients that 347 00:05:03,500 --> 00:05:04,166 goes into the 348 00:05:04,166 --> 00:05:04,625 ocean along 349 00:05:04,625 --> 00:05:04,833 the 350 00:05:04,833 --> 00:05:05,500 coastal system. 351 00:05:05,875 --> 00:05:06,416 You get the right 352 00:05:06,416 --> 00:05:07,000 winds, you get 353 00:05:07,000 --> 00:05:07,541 the right 354 00:05:07,541 --> 00:05:08,458 dinoflagellates 355 00:05:08,458 --> 00:05:09,291 and you can get a 356 00:05:09,291 --> 00:05:09,958 red tide or you 357 00:05:09,958 --> 00:05:10,541 can get some kind 358 00:05:10,541 --> 00:05:11,541 of cyanobacteria, 359 00:05:12,000 --> 00:05:13,041 algal matte, just 360 00:05:13,041 --> 00:05:14,375 like just awful 361 00:05:14,375 --> 00:05:15,708 event and it just 362 00:05:15,708 --> 00:05:16,166 smothers 363 00:05:16,166 --> 00:05:16,750 everything and it 364 00:05:16,750 --> 00:05:16,958 makes 365 00:05:16,958 --> 00:05:17,583 everything die. 366 00:05:18,500 --> 00:05:18,875 And we've seen 367 00:05:18,875 --> 00:05:19,708 that over and 368 00:05:19,708 --> 00:05:20,750 over again. 369 00:05:21,041 --> 00:05:21,500 And again, 370 00:05:21,500 --> 00:05:21,916 implementation 371 00:05:21,916 --> 00:05:22,666 determines the 372 00:05:22,666 --> 00:05:23,625 outcome, right? 373 00:05:23,625 --> 00:05:24,041 You have to 374 00:05:24,041 --> 00:05:24,583 implement the 375 00:05:24,583 --> 00:05:25,875 policies that you 376 00:05:25,875 --> 00:05:26,166 have to put 377 00:05:26,166 --> 00:05:26,458 forward. 378 00:05:26,458 --> 00:05:26,791 You can't just 379 00:05:26,791 --> 00:05:27,666 keep rolling back 380 00:05:27,666 --> 00:05:28,333 on policies, 381 00:05:28,333 --> 00:05:29,000 which we're 382 00:05:29,000 --> 00:05:29,875 seeing in many 383 00:05:29,875 --> 00:05:30,291 countries, 384 00:05:30,291 --> 00:05:30,791 including 385 00:05:30,791 --> 00:05:31,583 the U.S., 386 00:05:31,833 --> 00:05:32,291 especially 387 00:05:32,291 --> 00:05:32,791 recently. 388 00:05:33,458 --> 00:05:33,875 Let's look at 389 00:05:33,875 --> 00:05:34,166 climate 390 00:05:34,166 --> 00:05:34,958 adaptation and 391 00:05:34,958 --> 00:05:35,208 coastal 392 00:05:35,208 --> 00:05:35,750 resilience. 393 00:05:36,625 --> 00:05:37,833 Healthy ecosystems buffer 394 00:05:37,833 --> 00:05:38,833 climate impacts. 395 00:05:38,833 --> 00:05:39,583 It's pretty simple. 396 00:05:39,583 --> 00:05:40,083 We've gone over 397 00:05:40,083 --> 00:05:41,125 in past episodes 398 00:05:41,125 --> 00:05:42,166 mangroves, 399 00:05:42,166 --> 00:05:42,750 reduced storm 400 00:05:42,750 --> 00:05:44,125 surge, seagrass, 401 00:05:44,125 --> 00:05:44,458 meadows, 402 00:05:44,458 --> 00:05:44,750 stabilized 403 00:05:44,750 --> 00:05:46,125 sediment, coral 404 00:05:46,125 --> 00:05:46,791 reefs dissipate 405 00:05:46,791 --> 00:05:47,375 wave energy. 406 00:05:47,708 --> 00:05:48,208 And when they all 407 00:05:48,208 --> 00:05:49,000 work together, 408 00:05:49,458 --> 00:05:50,083 you have a stable 409 00:05:50,083 --> 00:05:51,250 coastline where 410 00:05:51,250 --> 00:05:52,041 these ecosystems 411 00:05:52,041 --> 00:05:53,000 are protected and 412 00:05:53,000 --> 00:05:53,500 restored. 413 00:05:54,250 --> 00:05:55,166 Coastal erosion slows. 414 00:05:55,750 --> 00:05:56,166 Fisheries and 415 00:05:56,166 --> 00:05:56,500 nurseries 416 00:05:56,500 --> 00:05:57,000 recover. 417 00:05:57,750 --> 00:05:58,583 Carbon sequestration 418 00:05:58,583 --> 00:06:00,125 increases once 419 00:06:00,125 --> 00:06:00,500 you have these 420 00:06:00,500 --> 00:06:00,958 habitats 421 00:06:00,958 --> 00:06:01,500 stabilized. 422 00:06:02,458 --> 00:06:03,166 Where development 423 00:06:03,166 --> 00:06:03,833 overrides 424 00:06:03,833 --> 00:06:04,291 ecosystem 425 00:06:04,291 --> 00:06:05,000 protection, you 426 00:06:05,000 --> 00:06:05,291 get the 427 00:06:05,291 --> 00:06:06,250 shorelines that 428 00:06:06,250 --> 00:06:07,000 erode faster. 429 00:06:07,875 --> 00:06:08,791 Infrastructure costs rise. 430 00:06:09,208 --> 00:06:09,916 Insurance risks 431 00:06:09,916 --> 00:06:10,458 escalate. 432 00:06:10,625 --> 00:06:11,041 Climate 433 00:06:11,041 --> 00:06:12,375 adaptation is not 434 00:06:12,375 --> 00:06:12,958 abstract. 435 00:06:13,333 --> 00:06:13,666 It's just 436 00:06:13,666 --> 00:06:14,291 operational. 437 00:06:14,708 --> 00:06:15,125 Now let's look at 438 00:06:15,125 --> 00:06:15,625 the high seas 439 00:06:15,625 --> 00:06:16,083 governance. 440 00:06:17,125 --> 00:06:17,416 International 441 00:06:17,416 --> 00:06:18,166 agreements can 442 00:06:18,166 --> 00:06:18,708 establish 443 00:06:18,708 --> 00:06:19,291 framework. 444 00:06:19,291 --> 00:06:19,541 The high seas 445 00:06:19,541 --> 00:06:20,083 treaty is 446 00:06:20,083 --> 00:06:20,791 establishing that 447 00:06:20,791 --> 00:06:21,166 framework. 448 00:06:21,458 --> 00:06:21,708 But the 449 00:06:21,708 --> 00:06:22,500 frameworks do not 450 00:06:22,500 --> 00:06:23,166 reduce fishing 451 00:06:23,166 --> 00:06:23,833 pressure by 452 00:06:23,833 --> 00:06:24,333 themselves. 453 00:06:25,125 --> 00:06:25,875 Satellite monitoring can 454 00:06:25,875 --> 00:06:26,583 detect 455 00:06:26,583 --> 00:06:27,791 violations, but 456 00:06:27,791 --> 00:06:28,291 detection does 457 00:06:28,291 --> 00:06:28,541 not 458 00:06:28,541 --> 00:06:29,833 prosecute itself. 459 00:06:30,708 --> 00:06:31,083 Transparency 460 00:06:31,083 --> 00:06:31,750 improves 461 00:06:31,750 --> 00:06:32,541 accountability, but 462 00:06:32,541 --> 00:06:33,041 accountability requires 463 00:06:33,041 --> 00:06:34,875 political will. 464 00:06:35,875 --> 00:06:36,666 Across every 465 00:06:36,666 --> 00:06:37,458 ocean issue this 466 00:06:37,458 --> 00:06:38,416 month, one 467 00:06:38,416 --> 00:06:39,166 pattern repeats. 468 00:06:39,708 --> 00:06:40,041 Tools exist. 469 00:06:40,833 --> 00:06:41,333 Data exists. 470 00:06:42,000 --> 00:06:42,875 Legal structure exists. 471 00:06:43,791 --> 00:06:43,916 Follow 472 00:06:43,916 --> 00:06:44,708 through varies. 473 00:06:45,458 --> 00:06:46,333 And why are we 474 00:06:46,333 --> 00:06:46,708 getting this 475 00:06:46,708 --> 00:06:47,583 symbolic policy 476 00:06:47,583 --> 00:06:48,125 that keeps 477 00:06:48,125 --> 00:06:48,833 persisting? 478 00:06:49,500 --> 00:06:49,833 Symbolic 479 00:06:49,833 --> 00:06:50,541 protection is 480 00:06:50,541 --> 00:06:51,000 politically 481 00:06:51,000 --> 00:06:51,625 easier. 482 00:06:52,625 --> 00:06:52,958 Announcing 483 00:06:52,958 --> 00:06:53,916 targets generates 484 00:06:53,916 --> 00:06:54,375 headlines. 485 00:06:54,625 --> 00:06:55,000 It's nice 486 00:06:55,000 --> 00:06:55,541 and easy. 487 00:06:55,583 --> 00:06:56,166 Another political 488 00:06:56,166 --> 00:06:56,916 party gets, 489 00:06:56,916 --> 00:06:57,291 whoever's in 490 00:06:57,291 --> 00:06:58,166 charge gets 491 00:06:58,166 --> 00:07:00,208 its kudos. 492 00:07:00,208 --> 00:07:01,041 It's high fives. 493 00:07:01,666 --> 00:07:02,041 Ratifying 494 00:07:02,041 --> 00:07:03,375 treaties signals 495 00:07:03,375 --> 00:07:03,958 leadership. 496 00:07:04,791 --> 00:07:05,666 Designating zones 497 00:07:05,666 --> 00:07:07,083 looks ambitious. 498 00:07:08,041 --> 00:07:08,458 But full 499 00:07:08,458 --> 00:07:09,291 implementation is 500 00:07:09,291 --> 00:07:10,000 actually harder. 501 00:07:10,291 --> 00:07:10,791 It requires 502 00:07:10,791 --> 00:07:11,250 funding. 503 00:07:11,708 --> 00:07:12,250 It requires 504 00:07:12,250 --> 00:07:12,833 enforcement. 505 00:07:13,500 --> 00:07:14,000 It requires 506 00:07:14,000 --> 00:07:14,541 confronting 507 00:07:14,541 --> 00:07:15,166 economic 508 00:07:15,166 --> 00:07:15,666 interests. 509 00:07:16,125 --> 00:07:16,625 It requires 510 00:07:16,625 --> 00:07:17,166 sustained 511 00:07:17,166 --> 00:07:17,875 political 512 00:07:17,875 --> 00:07:19,291 commitment beyond 513 00:07:19,291 --> 00:07:20,208 election cycles. 514 00:07:20,500 --> 00:07:21,000 That's something 515 00:07:21,000 --> 00:07:21,458 we don't 516 00:07:21,458 --> 00:07:22,083 see often. 517 00:07:22,541 --> 00:07:23,125 But what real 518 00:07:23,125 --> 00:07:23,916 protection looks 519 00:07:23,916 --> 00:07:24,833 like is it has to 520 00:07:24,833 --> 00:07:25,500 be measurable. 521 00:07:26,000 --> 00:07:26,583 You can see it in 522 00:07:26,583 --> 00:07:27,333 rebounding fish 523 00:07:27,333 --> 00:07:28,666 biomass, improved 524 00:07:28,666 --> 00:07:29,333 water quality 525 00:07:29,333 --> 00:07:30,583 metrics, reduced 526 00:07:30,583 --> 00:07:30,916 illegal 527 00:07:30,916 --> 00:07:31,750 fishing effort, 528 00:07:32,250 --> 00:07:32,666 stabilized 529 00:07:32,666 --> 00:07:33,708 coastal erosion 530 00:07:33,708 --> 00:07:34,541 rates, and 531 00:07:34,541 --> 00:07:35,000 increased 532 00:07:35,000 --> 00:07:35,500 ecosystem 533 00:07:35,500 --> 00:07:36,208 complexity. 534 00:07:37,041 --> 00:07:37,958 Real protection 535 00:07:37,958 --> 00:07:39,458 produces data. 536 00:07:40,375 --> 00:07:40,791 Symbolic 537 00:07:40,791 --> 00:07:41,375 protection, 538 00:07:41,708 --> 00:07:42,291 symbolic 539 00:07:42,291 --> 00:07:43,000 protection 540 00:07:43,000 --> 00:07:43,916 produces 541 00:07:43,916 --> 00:07:44,666 announcements. 542 00:07:45,500 --> 00:07:46,000 We want to go 543 00:07:46,000 --> 00:07:46,708 beyond the 544 00:07:46,708 --> 00:07:47,208 announcements. 545 00:07:47,208 --> 00:07:47,666 We want to get 546 00:07:47,666 --> 00:07:48,291 down into 547 00:07:48,291 --> 00:07:48,833 the data. 548 00:07:49,041 --> 00:07:49,625 We want to get 549 00:07:49,625 --> 00:07:50,375 down into the 550 00:07:50,375 --> 00:07:51,291 evaluations of 551 00:07:51,291 --> 00:07:52,208 how a marine 552 00:07:52,208 --> 00:07:53,083 protected area, 553 00:07:53,375 --> 00:07:54,500 how a coastline, 554 00:07:55,083 --> 00:07:55,375 how 555 00:07:55,375 --> 00:07:56,666 habitats are doing. 556 00:07:57,041 --> 00:07:57,666 We want to see 557 00:07:57,666 --> 00:07:58,083 how 558 00:07:58,083 --> 00:07:58,583 they're doing. 559 00:07:58,583 --> 00:07:59,250 And we need data 560 00:07:59,250 --> 00:07:59,875 to do that. 561 00:07:59,875 --> 00:08:00,416 But we need to 562 00:08:00,416 --> 00:08:00,958 make sure that 563 00:08:00,958 --> 00:08:01,541 everything is 564 00:08:01,541 --> 00:08:02,666 enforced to 565 00:08:02,666 --> 00:08:04,458 actually evaluate 566 00:08:04,458 --> 00:08:05,125 these systems. 567 00:08:05,750 --> 00:08:06,208 We got to go 568 00:08:06,208 --> 00:08:07,291 beyond just the 569 00:08:07,291 --> 00:08:08,125 politics of it 570 00:08:08,125 --> 00:08:09,166 all to say, hey, 571 00:08:09,500 --> 00:08:09,916 we're going to 572 00:08:09,916 --> 00:08:10,500 sign on to this 573 00:08:10,500 --> 00:08:10,833 climate 574 00:08:10,833 --> 00:08:11,083 agreement. 575 00:08:11,083 --> 00:08:11,625 Or we're going to 576 00:08:11,625 --> 00:08:11,958 sign, we're going 577 00:08:11,958 --> 00:08:12,583 to ratify the 578 00:08:12,583 --> 00:08:13,375 high seas treaty, 579 00:08:13,583 --> 00:08:14,000 which most 580 00:08:14,000 --> 00:08:14,291 countries 581 00:08:14,291 --> 00:08:14,750 haven't done. 582 00:08:15,125 --> 00:08:15,916 Only 60 have. 583 00:08:16,250 --> 00:08:16,666 Hopefully we'll 584 00:08:16,666 --> 00:08:17,041 get more. 585 00:08:18,083 --> 00:08:18,541 We've been able 586 00:08:18,541 --> 00:08:19,291 to ratify it, but 587 00:08:19,291 --> 00:08:19,708 if the countries 588 00:08:19,708 --> 00:08:20,500 that need to 589 00:08:20,500 --> 00:08:22,208 ratify it, don't 590 00:08:22,208 --> 00:08:23,041 ratify and don't 591 00:08:23,041 --> 00:08:23,833 follow it and 592 00:08:23,833 --> 00:08:24,583 don't actually 593 00:08:24,583 --> 00:08:25,625 hold their own 594 00:08:25,625 --> 00:08:26,041 country 595 00:08:26,041 --> 00:08:26,875 accountable to 596 00:08:26,875 --> 00:08:27,750 it, it's not 597 00:08:27,750 --> 00:08:28,000 really 598 00:08:28,000 --> 00:08:28,500 going to work. 599 00:08:28,833 --> 00:08:29,458 But don't worry. 600 00:08:29,791 --> 00:08:30,333 That's what we're 601 00:08:30,333 --> 00:08:30,750 here to do with 602 00:08:30,750 --> 00:08:31,041 the How to 603 00:08:31,041 --> 00:08:31,583 Protect the Ocean 604 00:08:31,583 --> 00:08:32,000 podcast. 605 00:08:32,208 --> 00:08:33,166 If you want clear 606 00:08:33,166 --> 00:08:34,125 science based 607 00:08:34,125 --> 00:08:35,000 ocean reporting 608 00:08:35,000 --> 00:08:36,041 every weekday, 609 00:08:36,416 --> 00:08:37,208 follow this show 610 00:08:37,208 --> 00:08:37,875 so you don't miss 611 00:08:37,875 --> 00:08:38,416 tomorrow's 612 00:08:38,416 --> 00:08:38,750 episode. 613 00:08:39,708 --> 00:08:40,250 Let's just have 614 00:08:40,250 --> 00:08:40,666 the final 615 00:08:40,666 --> 00:08:41,416 thoughts on this. 616 00:08:41,791 --> 00:08:42,458 We do not need 617 00:08:42,458 --> 00:08:42,958 new slogans. 618 00:08:43,166 --> 00:08:43,625 We need follow 619 00:08:43,625 --> 00:08:43,916 through. 620 00:08:44,291 --> 00:08:44,541 That's really 621 00:08:44,541 --> 00:08:45,000 what it comes 622 00:08:45,000 --> 00:08:45,541 down to. 623 00:08:45,833 --> 00:08:46,708 The ocean does 624 00:08:46,708 --> 00:08:47,708 not negotiate. 625 00:08:47,916 --> 00:08:48,666 It just happens. 626 00:08:49,166 --> 00:08:49,750 It responds to 627 00:08:49,750 --> 00:08:50,708 physics, biology 628 00:08:50,708 --> 00:08:51,833 and extraction 629 00:08:51,833 --> 00:08:52,291 pressure. 630 00:08:53,041 --> 00:08:53,666 You go in and 631 00:08:53,666 --> 00:08:54,291 fish in an area 632 00:08:54,291 --> 00:08:55,000 for long enough, 633 00:08:55,208 --> 00:08:55,416 it's going to 634 00:08:55,416 --> 00:08:56,125 just dissipate. 635 00:08:56,125 --> 00:08:56,500 It's going to be 636 00:08:56,500 --> 00:08:56,875 degraded. 637 00:08:57,708 --> 00:08:58,166 It's just simple 638 00:08:58,166 --> 00:08:58,708 as that. 639 00:08:58,708 --> 00:08:59,000 That's just what 640 00:08:59,000 --> 00:08:59,458 happens. 641 00:08:59,458 --> 00:09:00,041 We can't get away 642 00:09:00,041 --> 00:09:00,375 from it. 643 00:09:00,375 --> 00:09:01,000 You can say it as 644 00:09:01,000 --> 00:09:01,875 much as you want. 645 00:09:01,875 --> 00:09:02,458 That's not going 646 00:09:02,458 --> 00:09:02,833 to affect 647 00:09:02,833 --> 00:09:03,708 the an area. 648 00:09:04,125 --> 00:09:04,500 It's going to 649 00:09:04,500 --> 00:09:05,333 affect the area. 650 00:09:05,833 --> 00:09:06,791 You can drill oil 651 00:09:06,791 --> 00:09:07,250 and be like, 652 00:09:07,250 --> 00:09:07,708 yeah, there's not 653 00:09:07,708 --> 00:09:08,083 going to be any 654 00:09:08,083 --> 00:09:08,666 spills, but the 655 00:09:08,666 --> 00:09:09,875 spills happen and 656 00:09:09,875 --> 00:09:10,208 the ocean 657 00:09:10,208 --> 00:09:11,125 reacts to it. 658 00:09:11,500 --> 00:09:11,791 Right. 659 00:09:11,791 --> 00:09:12,291 All the ocean 660 00:09:12,291 --> 00:09:13,416 species, all the 661 00:09:13,416 --> 00:09:14,166 water, the 662 00:09:14,166 --> 00:09:15,208 quality, you try 663 00:09:15,208 --> 00:09:15,791 and disperse it 664 00:09:15,791 --> 00:09:16,375 and hide it. 665 00:09:16,583 --> 00:09:17,000 You're going to 666 00:09:17,000 --> 00:09:17,625 get the chemicals 667 00:09:17,625 --> 00:09:18,458 that disperse it 668 00:09:18,458 --> 00:09:19,291 all around the 669 00:09:19,291 --> 00:09:19,958 ocean and it's 670 00:09:19,958 --> 00:09:20,416 going to be 671 00:09:20,416 --> 00:09:21,458 highly impacted, 672 00:09:21,833 --> 00:09:22,416 especially with 673 00:09:22,416 --> 00:09:23,333 like a big spill, 674 00:09:23,333 --> 00:09:23,833 like the BP 675 00:09:23,833 --> 00:09:24,416 oil spill. 676 00:09:24,875 --> 00:09:25,000 Right. 677 00:09:25,000 --> 00:09:25,416 We see it 678 00:09:25,416 --> 00:09:25,958 all the time. 679 00:09:26,250 --> 00:09:26,916 You can say as 680 00:09:26,916 --> 00:09:27,666 much as you want 681 00:09:27,666 --> 00:09:28,333 to say, hey, the 682 00:09:28,333 --> 00:09:28,833 ocean is not 683 00:09:28,833 --> 00:09:29,125 going to be 684 00:09:29,125 --> 00:09:29,500 affected, 685 00:09:29,916 --> 00:09:30,833 but it is. 686 00:09:30,833 --> 00:09:31,708 And it has been 687 00:09:31,708 --> 00:09:34,125 for so, so long. 688 00:09:34,750 --> 00:09:35,041 So reduced 689 00:09:35,041 --> 00:09:35,625 pressure 690 00:09:35,625 --> 00:09:36,416 ecosystems 691 00:09:36,416 --> 00:09:37,958 recover, maintain 692 00:09:37,958 --> 00:09:38,750 pressure and 693 00:09:38,750 --> 00:09:39,208 they'll decline 694 00:09:39,208 --> 00:09:39,666 like we're doing 695 00:09:39,666 --> 00:09:40,250 right now. 696 00:09:40,833 --> 00:09:41,625 That pattern is 697 00:09:41,625 --> 00:09:42,041 consistent 698 00:09:42,041 --> 00:09:42,500 between 699 00:09:42,500 --> 00:09:42,958 fisheries, 700 00:09:43,166 --> 00:09:43,583 pollution, 701 00:09:44,125 --> 00:09:44,666 climate stress 702 00:09:44,666 --> 00:09:45,833 and governance. 703 00:09:46,250 --> 00:09:46,958 Protection works 704 00:09:46,958 --> 00:09:47,541 well when 705 00:09:47,541 --> 00:09:48,041 it's real. 706 00:09:49,000 --> 00:09:49,208 Real means 707 00:09:49,208 --> 00:09:50,208 funded, real 708 00:09:50,208 --> 00:09:50,958 means enforced, 709 00:09:51,416 --> 00:09:51,791 real means 710 00:09:51,791 --> 00:09:52,708 monitored and 711 00:09:52,708 --> 00:09:53,166 real means 712 00:09:53,166 --> 00:09:53,666 sustained. 713 00:09:54,250 --> 00:09:55,625 Anything less is 714 00:09:55,625 --> 00:09:56,375 just temporary. 715 00:09:56,833 --> 00:09:57,833 The future of the 716 00:09:57,833 --> 00:09:58,791 ocean will not be 717 00:09:58,791 --> 00:09:59,458 determined by 718 00:09:59,458 --> 00:10:00,291 what we promise 719 00:10:00,291 --> 00:10:01,000 it will be 720 00:10:01,000 --> 00:10:01,875 determined by 721 00:10:01,875 --> 00:10:02,458 what we 722 00:10:02,458 --> 00:10:03,000 implement. 723 00:10:04,458 --> 00:10:05,291 This whole week 724 00:10:05,291 --> 00:10:05,958 we've been going 725 00:10:05,958 --> 00:10:06,916 over enforcement 726 00:10:06,916 --> 00:10:07,708 and protections 727 00:10:07,708 --> 00:10:09,125 and what we need, 728 00:10:09,125 --> 00:10:09,291 the high 729 00:10:09,291 --> 00:10:09,916 seas treaty. 730 00:10:10,333 --> 00:10:10,916 And it's really 731 00:10:10,916 --> 00:10:11,791 important that we 732 00:10:11,791 --> 00:10:12,291 protect 733 00:10:12,291 --> 00:10:13,750 this ocean. 734 00:10:14,625 --> 00:10:15,375 It's not, it's 735 00:10:15,375 --> 00:10:15,750 like the only 736 00:10:15,750 --> 00:10:16,666 ocean we have. 737 00:10:16,916 --> 00:10:17,333 I know it's 738 00:10:17,333 --> 00:10:17,916 large, but it's 739 00:10:17,916 --> 00:10:18,500 the only ocean we 740 00:10:18,500 --> 00:10:18,875 have and it's 741 00:10:18,875 --> 00:10:19,291 hitting its 742 00:10:19,291 --> 00:10:20,500 capacity in what 743 00:10:20,500 --> 00:10:21,083 it can take. 744 00:10:21,666 --> 00:10:21,958 So I would love 745 00:10:21,958 --> 00:10:22,375 to hear your 746 00:10:22,375 --> 00:10:23,166 feedback on what 747 00:10:23,166 --> 00:10:23,666 you think can 748 00:10:23,666 --> 00:10:24,875 work or what 749 00:10:24,875 --> 00:10:25,500 you've seen that 750 00:10:25,500 --> 00:10:25,916 works or what 751 00:10:25,916 --> 00:10:26,375 you've seen that 752 00:10:26,375 --> 00:10:26,541 you're 753 00:10:26,541 --> 00:10:27,250 frustrated with. 754 00:10:27,500 --> 00:10:28,291 Let me know if go 755 00:10:28,291 --> 00:10:28,416 to 756 00:10:28,416 --> 00:10:29,750 speakupforblue.com 757 00:10:29,750 --> 00:10:30,666 forward slash 758 00:10:30,666 --> 00:10:31,291 feedback. 759 00:10:31,583 --> 00:10:32,208 All one word 760 00:10:32,208 --> 00:10:33,875 speakupforblue.com 761 00:10:33,875 --> 00:10:34,875 forward slash 762 00:10:34,875 --> 00:10:35,625 feedback. 763 00:10:35,625 --> 00:10:36,000 Let me know how 764 00:10:36,000 --> 00:10:36,333 you feel. 765 00:10:36,333 --> 00:10:36,666 You can leave a 766 00:10:36,666 --> 00:10:38,166 voicemail or you 767 00:10:38,166 --> 00:10:38,500 can write 768 00:10:38,500 --> 00:10:39,083 something down. 769 00:10:39,333 --> 00:10:39,916 I would love to 770 00:10:39,916 --> 00:10:40,250 hear it because 771 00:10:40,250 --> 00:10:40,750 this is the start 772 00:10:40,750 --> 00:10:41,416 of a conversation 773 00:10:41,416 --> 00:10:42,291 that I would like 774 00:10:42,291 --> 00:10:43,083 to have with you 775 00:10:43,083 --> 00:10:43,458 each and 776 00:10:43,458 --> 00:10:43,750 every one. 777 00:10:44,500 --> 00:10:45,125 And I would love 778 00:10:45,125 --> 00:10:46,166 to hear what you 779 00:10:46,166 --> 00:10:46,791 have to say. 780 00:10:47,083 --> 00:10:47,583 So thank you so 781 00:10:47,583 --> 00:10:48,083 much for joining 782 00:10:48,083 --> 00:10:48,791 me on today's 783 00:10:48,791 --> 00:10:49,500 episode of the 784 00:10:49,500 --> 00:10:49,916 How to Protect 785 00:10:49,916 --> 00:10:50,250 the Ocean 786 00:10:50,250 --> 00:10:50,708 podcast. 787 00:10:51,125 --> 00:10:51,708 Have a great day. 788 00:10:51,708 --> 00:10:52,125 We'll talk to you 789 00:10:52,125 --> 00:10:53,125 next time and 790 00:10:53,125 --> 00:10:53,333 happy 791 00:10:53,333 --> 00:10:53,708 conservation.